spatial analysis of commuting population for work and education around of metropolis area (case study: tehran metropolis area)

نویسندگان

احمد پوراحمد

استاد دانشکدة جغرافیای دانشگاه تهران اسفندیار زبردست

دانشیار دانشکدة هنرهای زیبای دانشگاه تهران مهدی قرخلو

دانشیار دانشگاه تهران سید عباس رجائی

دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه تهران، دانشکدة جغرافیا

چکیده

introduction commuting between urban centers and rural areas is a phenomenon that observed in all countries with different social and economic structure. commuting is a new phenomenon in move of population that emerged with metropolis development. this phenomenon is different with other population movement. because this move does not change in residential place, population work in other place. there are two reasons for commuting. first, people change their house but not change employment. or people change their work but not change their house. relationships between urban areas and rural areas and live in villages and work in urban areas are a dominant pattern in rural and urban integration. research on spatial patterns of commuting to work has become an important issue in urban studies. centralization and decentralization in the population of the metropolitan complex patterns and travel to work and residence within the metropolitan suburbs are among the most important phenomenon in the big cities. many studies in the past decades deal with the dynamics of commuting. according to the 2006 census, commuting for metropolis of the country as one of the questions were asked from the households. this phenomenon is observed in the rural population around of metropolis areas and based on the censusreport; this phenomenon can be seen in rural areas than in urban areas. according to the census bureau report, about one-eighth of 10 years old and over of population in 2006 census had the commute. an attempt to study spatial clusters of this phenomenon in tehran metropolis, what is these phenomena between surrounding rural population in metropolis and tehran metropolis? and what is their spatial distribution?   methodology in this study to analysis of commuting in metropolis area, the analysis of spatial data exploration and spatial statistics was used. the analytical unit in this study is dehestan and data was taken from sci that is about of place of work and education. commuting for work and education in tehran metropolis area investigated in three levels: 1. rural area to urban centers, 2. urban centers to rural area, and 3. rural area to rural area. for analysis of spatial data exploration and spatial statistics used of spatial autocorrelation (moran) and high/ low cluster (getis– ord general) methods, inverse distance entered for of distance analysis.   results research findings show that rural area to urban centers commuting is an important pattern in tehran metropolis. according to results of this study parts of rey, pakdasht, robatkarim and shahriar are two important clusters that send commuters of rural area to urban centers. morans index for this pattern is 0.1, z value is 2.7 and significant level is 0.005. two largest population centersin the south and southeast of tehran metropolis include varamin, pakdasht and robat karim are two centers that transmitter rural population to the rural areas for working or studying. the center currently has the highest population growth in the metropolis area and the largest emitters of the tehran urban areas to rural areas are considered. rural populations that for work or study go to other rural areas in tehran metropolis areas how that pakdashtand parts of varamin region has the highest rural population characteristics within themselves. the median age is 27 years. fern-abad villages, fylestan, sharif abad, ghanyabad are the largest senders of population from rural to urban and urban to rural was considered. distances from the main city showed that distance has direct impact on commuting population. for this pattern morans index equal to 0.1, z vale is 3.08 and significant level is 0.002 that show one cluster pattern for rural area to other rural area commuting. commuting of urban to rural area is random and not found a pattern for it. but rudehen, pardis, pishva, pakdasht, boomhen, nasirabad, shahedshahr are important centers with highest commuter in tehran metropolis area.   conclusion in this study, we try to show commuting pattern around of tehran metropolis. the results show there is relation between three pattern of commuting around of tehran metropolis, due to expansion of metropolis area and the problems such as housing price and rent is growing has caused that rural area around the metropolis to become dormitory settlements. according to result of this study parts of rey, pakdasht, robatkarim and shahriarare two important clusters that send commuters of rural area to urban. pakdast is important county in send rural commuters to other rural area. commuting of urban to rural area is random and not found a pattern for it.   references asgari, ali (2012). spatial analaysis with arc gis, organization for it tehran municipality. champion t. (2001). urbanization, suburbanisation, counterurbanization and reurbanization, in handbook of urban studies ed. r paddison (sage, london), 143- 161. dessemontet, p., kaufmann, v., jemelin, c. (2010). switzerland as a single metropolitan area? a study of its commuting network. urban studies, 13- 47. duranton, g.; puga, d. (2004). micro-foundations of urban agglomeration economies. in handbook of regional and urban economics, vol. 4, j.v. henderson, and j. f. thisse, 2063–2117. netherlands: north-holland. faggian, a.; mccann, p. (2009). human capital, graduate migration and innovation in british regions. cambridge journal of economics 33, 317- 333. fuchs, r.; demko, g. (1987). commuting in the ussr and eastern europe: causes, characteristics and consequences, east european quarterly 11 463-475. goetz, s.j.; han, y.; findeis, j.; brasier, k.j. (2010). us commuting networks and economic growth: measurement and implications for spatial policy. growth and change (special issue on best practices in rural development and policy 41(2): 276–302. hajipour, khalil (2008). investigating the factors affecting the process of the formation and development of metropolitan areas, fine arts,vol 34, pp 37-48. mark w. horner (2004). spatial dimensions of urban commuting: a review of major issues and their implications for future geographic research, the professional geographer, 56:2, 160-17. mieszkowski, p.; mills, e. (1993). the causes of metropolitan suburbanization, journal of economic perspectives 7, pp. 135 – 147. nasehi, ismaeil et al. (2008). commuting population in iran, statistical center of iran. partridge, m.d.; rickman, d.s.; ali, k.; olfert m.r. (2008). lost in space: population dynamics in the american hinterlands and small cities. journal of economic geography 8(6): 727–757. partridge, mark d.; md kamar ali; m. rose olfert (2010). rural-to-urban commuting: three degrees of integration, growth and change vol. 41 no. 2, june; pp. 303–335. sandow, erika (2008). commuting behaviour in sparsely populated areas: evidence from northern sweden, journal of transport geography 16, 14–27. savitch, h.; vogel, k. (2000). paths to new regionalism (symposium editors), state and local government review, vol. 32, n0. 3, 158-168. sjoberge (1992). underurbanisation and the zero urban growth hypotheses: diverted migration in albania, geografiska annaler 74b 3 -19. statistical center of iran (2006). census of population and housing. tammaru, tiit (2005). suburbanisation, employment change, and commuting in the tallinn metropolitan area, environment and planning a, volume 37, pp 1669 – 1687. van den berg, l.; drewett, r.; klaassen, l.; rossi, a.; vijverberg, c. (1982). a study of growth and decline (pergamon press, oxford). whitener, l.a.; parker, t. (2007). policy option for a changing rural america. amber waves 3 (2), 65- 68.

برای دانلود باید عضویت طلایی داشته باشید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

determining the spatial boundaries of city-region for tehran metropolis and its surrounding area

the consideration of tehran metropolis and its soundings areas has been the first one of recent challenges in iran’s spatial planning which made it possible to develop the concepts such metropolitan region and conurbation. however, it is obvious that there appears to be a much more proper structure due to neo-regionalism and globalization in order to understanding of dynamic nature of tehran an...

متن کامل

Analysis of spatial distribution of Tehran Metropolis urban services using models of urban planning

The process of spatial distribution of urban services in order to provide equitable access to opportunities and reduced regional disparities, and earning the highest citizen satisfaction are among the main challenges facing urban management. This requires knowledge of the current status of spatial distribution of public services in the city, followed by optimal resource allocation under varying...

متن کامل

esp needs analysis of iranian ma students: a case study of university of isfahan

نیاز سنجی دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد ایرانی در رابطه با زبان تخصصی: مطالعه ای در دانشگاه اصفهان هدف از این مطالعه بررسی نیازهای یادگیری زبان خارجی دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان در رشته های زیست شناسی، روانشناسی، تربیت بدنی، حسابداری و فلسفه ی غرب میباشد. در مجموع 80 دانشجودر پنج رشته ی متفاوت از دانشگاه اصفهان در این پژوهش شرکت داشتند.علاوه بر این هشتاد دانشجو،25 استاد دروس ت...

15 صفحه اول

technical and legal parameters for determination of river boundary,( case study haraz river)

چکیده با توسعه شهر نشینی و دخل و تصرف غیر مجاز در حریم رودخانه ها خسارات زیادی به رودخانه و محیط زیست اطراف آن وارده می شود. در حال حاضر بر اساس آئین نامه اصلاح شده بستر و حریم رودخانه ها، حریم کمی رودخانه که بلافاصله پس از بستر قرار می گیرد از 1 تا20 متر از منتهی الیه طرفین بستر رودخانه تعیین، که مقدار دقیق آن در هر بازه از رودخانه مشخص نیست. در کشورهای دیگر روشهای متفاوتی من جمله: درصد ریسک...

15 صفحه اول

Spatial analysis of sustainable city indices in Mashhad metropolis

The rapid growth of urbanization and its consequences has led to an increase in the detrimental effects of the environment, social and economic disadvantages in many cities, especially metropolises. Mashhad metropolis is one of those cities that is affected by the rapid growth process inequality in access to facilities and pressure on bio resources. The purpose of this paper is to investigate s...

متن کامل

the effect of traffic density on the accident externality from driving the case study of tehran

در این پژوهش به بررسی اثر افزایش ترافیک بر روی تعداد تصادفات پرداخته شده است. به این منظور 30 تقاطع در شهر تهران بطور تصادفی انتخاب گردید و تعداد تصادفات ماهیانه در این تقاطعات در طول سالهای 89-90 از سازمان کنترل ترافیک شهر تهران استخراج گردید و با استفاده از مدل داده های تابلویی و نرم افزار eviews مدل خطی و درجه دوم تخمین زده شد و در نهایت این نتیجه حاصل شد که تقاطعات پر ترافیک تر تعداد تصادفا...

15 صفحه اول

منابع من

با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید


عنوان ژورنال:
پژوهش های روستایی

جلد ۴، شماره ۲، صفحات ۳۸۵-۴۰۷

کلمات کلیدی
[ ' i n t r o d u c t i o n c o m m u t i n g b e t w e e n u r b a n c e n t e r s a n d r u r a l a r e a s i s a p h e n o m e n o n t h a t o b s e r v e d i n a l l c o u n t r i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e . c o m m u t i n g i s a n e w p h e n o m e n o n i n m o v e o f p o p u l a t i o n t h a t e m e r g e d w i t h m e t r o p o l i s d e v e l o p m e n t . t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i s d i f f e r e n t w i t h o t h e r p o p u l a t i o n m o v e m e n t . b e c a u s e t h i s m o v e d o e s n o t c h a n g e i n r e s i d e n t i a l p l a c e ' , ' p o p u l a t i o n w o r k i n o t h e r p l a c e . t h e r e a r e t w o r e a s o n s f o r c o m m u t i n g . f i r s t ' , ' p e o p l e c h a n g e t h e i r h o u s e b u t n o t c h a n g e e m p l o y m e n t . o r p e o p l e c h a n g e t h e i r w o r k b u t n o t c h a n g e t h e i r h o u s e . r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n u r b a n a r e a s a n d r u r a l a r e a s a n d l i v e i n v i l l a g e s a n d w o r k i n u r b a n a r e a s a r e a d o m i n a n t p a t t e r n i n r u r a l a n d u r b a n i n t e g r a t i o n . r e s e a r c h o n s p a t i a l p a t t e r n s o f c o m m u t i n g t o w o r k h a s b e c o m e a n i m p o r t a n t i s s u e i n u r b a n s t u d i e s . c e n t r a l i z a t i o n a n d d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n c o m p l e x p a t t e r n s a n d t r a v e l t o w o r k a n d r e s i d e n c e w i t h i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n s u b u r b s a r e a m o n g t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p h e n o m e n o n i n t h e b i g c i t i e s . m a n y s t u d i e s i n t h e p a s t d e c a d e s d e a l w i t h t h e d y n a m i c s o f c o m m u t i n g . a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 2 0 0 6 c e n s u s ' , ' c o m m u t i n g f o r m e t r o p o l i s o f t h e c o u n t r y a s o n e o f t h e q u e s t i o n s w e r e a s k e d f r o m t h e h o u s e h o l d s . t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i s o b s e r v e d i n t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n a r o u n d o f m e t r o p o l i s a r e a s a n d b a s e d o n t h e c e n s u s r e p o r t ; t h i s p h e n o m e n o n c a n b e s e e n i n r u r a l a r e a s t h a n i n u r b a n a r e a s . a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c e n s u s b u r e a u r e p o r t ' , ' a b o u t o n e ' , ' e i g h t h o f 1 0 y e a r s o l d a n d o v e r o f p o p u l a t i o n i n 2 0 0 6 c e n s u s h a d t h e c o m m u t e . a n a t t e m p t t o s t u d y s p a t i a l c l u s t e r s o f t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i n t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s ' , ' w h a t i s t h e s e p h e n o m e n a b e t w e e n s u r r o u n d i n g r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n i n m e t r o p o l i s a n d t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s ? a n d w h a t i s t h e i r s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ? x a 0 m e t h o d o l o g y i n t h i s s t u d y t o a n a l y s i s o f c o m m u t i n g i n m e t r o p o l i s a r e a ' , ' t h e a n a l y s i s o f s p a t i a l d a t a e x p l o r a t i o n a n d s p a t i a l s t a t i s t i c s w a s u s e d . t h e a n a l y t i c a l u n i t i n t h i s s t u d y i s d e h e s t a n a n d d a t a w a s t a k e n f r o m s c i t h a t i s a b o u t o f p l a c e o f w o r k a n d e d u c a t i o n . c o m m u t i n g f o r w o r k a n d e d u c a t i o n i n t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s a r e a i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h r e e l e v e l s : 1 . r u r a l a r e a t o u r b a n c e n t e r s ' , ' 2 . u r b a n c e n t e r s t o r u r a l a r e a ' , ' a n d 3 . r u r a l a r e a t o r u r a l a r e a . f o r a n a l y s i s o f s p a t i a l d a t a e x p l o r a t i o n a n d s p a t i a l s t a t i s t i c s u s e d o f s p a t i a l a u t o c o r r e l a t i o n ( m o r a n ) a n d h i g h / l o w c l u s t e r ( g e t i s o r d g e n e r a l ) m e t h o d s ' , ' i n v e r s e d i s t a n c e e n t e r e d f o r o f d i s t a n c e a n a l y s i s . x a 0 r e s u l t s r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s s h o w t h a t r u r a l a r e a t o u r b a n c e n t e r s c o m m u t i n g i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a t t e r n i n t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s . a c c o r d i n g t o r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y p a r t s o f r e y ' , ' p a k d a s h t ' , ' r o b a t k a r i m a n d s h a h r i a r a r e t w o i m p o r t a n t c l u s t e r s t h a t s e n d c o m m u t e r s o f r u r a l a r e a t o u r b a n c e n t e r s . m o r a n s i n d e x f o r t h i s p a t t e r n i s 0 . 1 ' , ' z v a l u e i s 2 . 7 a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l i s 0 . 0 0 5 . t w o l a r g e s t p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s i n t h e s o u t h a n d s o u t h e a s t o f t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s i n c l u d e v a r a m i n ' , ' p a k d a s h t a n d r o b a t k a r i m a r e t w o c e n t e r s t h a t t r a n s m i t t e r r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n t o t h e r u r a l a r e a s f o r w o r k i n g o r s t u d y i n g . t h e c e n t e r c u r r e n t l y h a s t h e h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h i n t h e m e t r o p o l i s a r e a a n d t h e l a r g e s t e m i t t e r s o f t h e t e h r a n u r b a n a r e a s t o r u r a l a r e a s a r e c o n s i d e r e d . r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n s t h a t f o r w o r k o r s t u d y g o t o o t h e r r u r a l a r e a s i n t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s a r e a s h o w t h a t p a k d a s h t a n d p a r t s o f v a r a m i n r e g i o n h a s t h e h i g h e s t r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w i t h i n t h e m s e l v e s . t h e m e d i a n a g e i s 2 7 y e a r s . f e r n ' , ' a b a d v i l l a g e s ' , ' f y l e s t a n ' , ' s h a r i f a b a d ' , ' g h a n y a b a d a r e t h e l a r g e s t s e n d e r s o f p o p u l a t i o n f r o m r u r a l t o u r b a n a n d u r b a n t o r u r a l w a s c o n s i d e r e d . d i s t a n c e s f r o m t h e m a i n c i t y s h o w e d t h a t d i s t a n c e h a s d i r e c t i m p a c t o n c o m m u t i n g p o p u l a t i o n . f o r t h i s p a t t e r n m o r a n s i n d e x e q u a l t o 0 . 1 ' , ' z v a l e i s 3 . 0 8 a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l i s 0 . 0 0 2 t h a t s h o w o n e c l u s t e r p a t t e r n f o r r u r a l a r e a t o o t h e r r u r a l a r e a c o m m u t i n g . c o m m u t i n g o f u r b a n t o r u r a l a r e a i s r a n d o m a n d n o t f o u n d a p a t t e r n f o r i t . b u t r u d e h e n ' , ' p a r d i s ' , ' p i s h v a ' , ' p a k d a s h t ' , ' b o o m h e n ' , ' n a s i r a b a d ' , ' s h a h e d s h a h r a r e i m p o r t a n t c e n t e r s w i t h h i g h e s t c o m m u t e r i n t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s a r e a . x a 0 c o n c l u s i o n i n t h i s s t u d y ' , ' w e t r y t o s h o w c o m m u t i n g p a t t e r n a r o u n d o f t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s . t h e r e s u l t s s h o w t h e r e i s r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h r e e p a t t e r n o f c o m m u t i n g a r o u n d o f t e h r a n m e t r o p o l i s ' , ' d u e t o e x p a n s i o n o f m e t r o p o l i s a r e a a n d t h e p r o b l e m s s u c h a s h o u s i n g p r i c e a n d r e n t i s g r o w i n g h a s c a u s e d t h a t r u r a l a r e a a r o u n d t h e m e t r o p o l i s t o b e c o m e d o r m i t o r y s e t t l e m e n t s . a c c o r d i n g t o r e s u l t o f t h i s s t u d y p a r t s o f r e y ' , ' p a k d a s h t ' , ' r o b a t k a r i m a n d s h a h r i a r a r e t w o i m p o r t a n t c l u s t e r s t h a t s e n d c o m m u t e r s o f r u r a l a r e a t o u r b a n . p a k d a s t i s i m p o r t a n t c o u n t y i n s e n d r u r a l c o m m u t e r s t o o t h e r r u r a l a r e a . c o m m u t i n g o f u r b a n t o r u r a l a r e a i s r a n d o m a n d n o t f o u n d a p a t t e r n f o r i t . x a 0 r e f e r e n c e s a s g a r i ' , ' a l i ( 2 0 1 2 ) . s p a t i a l a n a l a y s i s w i t h a r c g i s ' , ' o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r i t t e h r a n m u n i c i p a l i t y . c h a m p i o n t . ( 2 0 0 1 ) . u r b a n i z a t i o n ' , ' s u b u r b a n i s a t i o n ' , ' c o u n t e r u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d r e u r b a n i z a t i o n ' , ' i n h a n d b o o k o f u r b a n s t u d i e s e d . r p a d d i s o n ( s a g e ' , ' l o n d o n ) ' , 1 4 3 , ' 1 6 1 . d e s s e m o n t e t ' , ' p . ' , ' k a u f m a n n ' , ' v . ' , ' j e m e l i n ' , ' c . ( 2 0 1 0 ) . s w i t z e r l a n d a s a s i n g l e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ? a s t u d y o f i t s c o m m u t i n g n e t w o r k . u r b a n s t u d i e s ' , 1 3 , ' 4 7 . d u r a n t o n ' , ' g . ; p u g a ' , ' d . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . m i c r o ' , ' f o u n d a t i o n s o f u r b a n a g g l o m e r a t i o n e c o n o m i e s . i n h a n d b o o k o f r e g i o n a l a n d u r b a n e c o n o m i c s ' , ' v o l . 4 ' , ' j . v . h e n d e r s o n ' , ' a n d j . f . t h i s s e ' , ' 2 0 6 3 2 1 1 7 . n e t h e r l a n d s : n o r t h ' , ' h o l l a n d . f a g g i a n ' , ' a . ; m c c a n n ' , ' p . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . h u m a n c a p i t a l ' , ' g r a d u a t e m i g r a t i o n a n d i n n o v a t i o n i n b r i t i s h r e g i o n s . c a m b r i d g e j o u r n a l o f e c o n o m i c s 3 3 ' , 3 1 7 , ' 3 3 3 . f u c h s ' , ' r . ; d e m k o ' , ' g . ( 1 9 8 7 ) . c o m m u t i n g i n t h e u s s r a n d e a s t e r n e u r o p e : c a u s e s ' , ' c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s ' , ' e a s t e u r o p e a n q u a r t e r l y 1 1 4 6 3 ' , ' 4 7 5 . g o e t z ' , ' s . j . ; h a n ' , ' y . ; f i n d e i s ' , ' j . ; b r a s i e r ' , ' k . j . ( 2 0 1 0 ) . u s c o m m u t i n g n e t w o r k s a n d e c o n o m i c g r o w t h : m e a s u r e m e n t a n d i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r s p a t i a l p o l i c y . g r o w t h a n d c h a n g e ( s p e c i a l i s s u e o n b e s t p r a c t i c e s i n r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p o l i c y 4 1 ( 2 ) : 2 7 6 3 0 2 . h a j i p o u r ' , ' k h a l i l ( 2 0 0 8 ) . i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e f o r m a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s ' , ' f i n e a r t s ' , ' v o l 3 4 ' , ' p p 3 7 ' , ' 4 8 . m a r k w . h o r n e r ( 2 0 0 4 ) . s p a t i a l d i m e n s i o n s o f u r b a n c o m m u t i n g : a r e v i e w o f m a j o r i s s u e s a n d t h e i r i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e g e o g r a p h i c r e s e a r c h ' , ' t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l g e o g r a p h e r ' , ' 5 6 : 2 ' , 1 6 0 , ' 1 7 . m i e s z k o w s k i ' , ' p . ; m i l l s ' , ' e . ( 1 9 9 3 ) . t h e c a u s e s o f m e t r o p o l i t a n s u b u r b a n i z a t i o n ' , ' j o u r n a l o f e c o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e s 7 ' , ' p p . 1 3 5 1 4 7 . n a s e h i ' , ' i s m a e i l e t a l . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . c o m m u t i n g p o p u l a t i o n i n i r a n ' , ' s t a t i s t i c a l c e n t e r o f i r a n . p a r t r i d g e ' , ' m . d . ; r i c k m a n ' , ' d . s . ; a l i ' , ' k . ; o l f e r t m . r . ( 2 0 0 8 ) . l o s t i n s p a c e : p o p u l a t i o n d y n a m i c s i n t h e a m e r i c a n h i n t e r l a n d s a n d s m a l l c i t i e s . j o u r n a l o f e c o n o m i c g e o g r a p h y 8 ( 6 ) : 7 2 7 7 5 7 . p a r t r i d g e ' , ' m a r k d . ; m d k a m a r a l i ; m . r o s e o l f e r t ( 2 0 1 0 ) . r u r a l ' , ' t o ' , ' u r b a n c o m m u t i n g : t h r e e d e g r e e s o f i n t e g r a t i o n ' , ' g r o w t h a n d c h a n g e v o l . 4 1 n o . 2 ' , ' j u n e ; p p . 3 0 3 3 3 5 . s a n d o w ' , ' e r i k a ( 2 0 0 8 ) . c o m m u t i n g b e h a v i o u r i n s p a r s e l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a s : e v i d e n c e f r o m n o r t h e r n s w e d e n ' , ' j o u r n a l o f t r a n s p o r t g e o g r a p h y 1 6 ' , ' 1 4 2 7 . s a v i t c h ' , ' h . ; v o g e l ' , ' k . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . p a t h s t o n e w r e g i o n a l i s m ( s y m p o s i u m e d i t o r s ) ' , ' s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t r e v i e w ' , ' v o l . 3 2 ' , ' n 0 . 3 ' , 1 5 8 , ' 1 6 8 . s j o b e r g e ( 1 9 9 2 ) . u n d e r u r b a n i s a t i o n a n d t h e z e r o u r b a n g r o w t h h y p o t h e s e s : d i v e r t e d m i g r a t i o n i n a l b a n i a ' , ' g e o g r a f i s k a a n n a l e r 7 4 b 3 ' , ' 1 9 . s t a t i s t i c a l c e n t e r o f i r a n ( 2 0 0 6 ) . c e n s u s o f p o p u l a t i o n a n d h o u s i n g . t a m m a r u ' , ' t i i t ( 2 0 0 5 ) . s u b u r b a n i s a t i o n ' , ' e m p l o y m e n t c h a n g e ' , ' a n d c o m m u t i n g i n t h e t a l l i n n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ' , ' e n v i r o n m e n t a n d p l a n n i n g a ' , ' v o l u m e 3 7 ' , ' p p 1 6 6 9 1 6 8 7 . v a n d e n b e r g ' , ' l . ; d r e w e t t ' , ' r . ; k l a a s s e n ' , ' l . ; r o s s i ' , ' a . ; v i j v e r b e r g ' , ' c . ( 1 9 8 2 ) . a s t u d y o f g r o w t h a n d d e c l i n e ( p e r g a m o n p r e s s ' , ' o x f o r d ) . w h i t e n e r ' , ' l . a . ; p a r k e r ' , ' t . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . p o l i c y o p t i o n f o r a c h a n g i n g r u r a l a m e r i c a . a m b e r w a v e s 3 ( 2 ) ' , 6 5 , ' 6 8 . ' ]

میزبانی شده توسط پلتفرم ابری doprax.com

copyright © 2015-2023